Currently a PhD Candidate in the Dept. of Earth Sciences at Dartmouth College working with Dr. Marisa Palucis. Previously an undergraduate researcher with Dr. Briony Horgan and Dr. Darryl Granger at Purdue University. My primary research interests include Terrestrial Analogs, Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and Science Communication for bridging Earth and Planetary Sciences.

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ORCiD

Early Career Spotlight

Education and Certifications

Dartmouth College (August 2022 - Present)
PhD Candidate, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies
Member of the “Planetary Geomorphology” - Research Group, advised by Dr. Marisa Palucis.

The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS): AG-826: Arctic Quaternary Environments (Oct 2023 - Dec 2023)
Intensive training on interpreting Quaternary environments in the Arctic using Sea Level Change, Geochronology, Ice Sheet Models, and Geomorphology.
Geology & Planetary Mapping (GMAP) Winter School
The GMAP Winter School is focused on the production of planetary geological maps of a range of Solar System bodies: building upon earlier editions targeting Mars, the Moon, and Mercury, the 2024 edition covered exemplary geologic mapping aspects on Venus, Icy Satellites and Small Bodies.

Purdue University (August 2018 - December 2021)
B.S. Geology and Geophysics; Double Major in Planetary Sciences
Honors College, Dean’s List, and Semester Honors (Fall Semester 2018 - Fall Semester 2021)
Learning Beyond the Classroom Certificate (Dec 2021)

Wilderness First Responder (Expiration: 12/31/2025)
Wilderness Medical Associates
Emma Rogers has successfully achieved the above certification which includes epinephrine administration to treat anaphylaxis and severe asthma, and BLS CPR which includes adult, child, and infant CPR as well as the use of medical oxygen and AED

Skills

• Programming/Software:
  
  • Object-Oriented Programming (Python)
  • Data Visualization (MATLAB, Python - Matplotlib)
  • Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS Pro, QGIS, JMARS)
  • Structure from Motion (SfM) (Agisoft Metashape Professional)
  • Hyperspectral and Multispectral Image analysis (ENVI)
• Microsoft Office:
  Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook
• Adobe Suite:
  Illustrator, Photoshop, Lightroom, PremierPro, Acrobat
• Languages:
  English (Native), Spanish (Beginner)

Research

Palucis Planetary Geomorphology Research Group, Dr. Marisa Palucis | Dept. of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College
PhD Candidate | September 2022 - Present

Reconstructing the transport history of rounded basaltic pebbles on Mars to provide insight into the prevailing martian climate at the time of transport and deposition. We are using laboratory experiments and field campaigns at terrestrial analog environments to advance the state of knowledge regarding basaltic clast transport and abrasion, providing key insights into deciphering the past fluvial conditions on Mars.

Planetary Surface Processes Research Group, Dr. Briony Horgan | Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University
Undergraduate Researcher | May 2020 - Dec 2021

Evaluated the mineralogical and morphological presence of hydrated silica in the Melas Chasma of Valles Marineris on Mars. This research gave insight into the history of hydrothermal and lacustrine aqueous environments on Mars and may imply possibilities for astrobiological discoveries.

Darryl Granger Research Group, Dr. Darryl Granger | Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University
Undergraduate Researcher | Feb 2019 - Dec 2021

Mapped the distribution of lake sediments that would allow an accurate dating and elevation calculation of Lake Tight, a Pleistocene pro-glacial lake in what is present-day Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. We found evidence of crustal flexure due to glacial ice through field-based analysis of surficial lake sediments as well as within cave systems.

Ali Bramson Research Group, Dr. Ali Bramson | Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University
Undergraduate Science Advisor | Jan 2021 - May 2021

Collaborated on a project for submission to the AIAA Space Design Competition 2021 with an interdisciplinary team of engineering and science undergraduates to formulate a hypothetical ice sample return mission, focusing on the science behind mission objectives and science goals, as well as the technological needs and cost estimates.

SETI Institute Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU), Dr. Virginia Gulick | SETI Institute
Planetary Research Intern | Jun 2020 - Aug 2020

Used hydrologic models and digital terrain models to estimate water discharges, volumes, and erosion rates of Martian equatorial gully systems to better understand the implications for paleoclimatic change on Mars.

Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) Summer Intern Program in Planetary Science, | LPI
Planetary Research Intern | Jun 2020

Selected for the Lunar and Planetary Institute’s Summer Intern Program in Planetary Science, 2020 (program cancelled as a result of COVID-19 pandemic).

Publications

Research:
Rogers, E. R., Qualizza, B. R., Heidenreich, J. R., Dawson, H. G., & Horgan, B. H. N. (2023). Silica‐Bearing Mounds and Strata in the Southwest Melas Basin, Valles Marineris, Mars: Evidence for a Hydrothermal Origin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 128(11), e2023JE007881. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007881

Rogers, E. R., Granger, D. E. (In Prep), A Revised Map of Glacial Lake Tight and Abandoned Drainage Networks in Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky Reveals Glacial Isostatic Tilting at ca. 1.3 Ma. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

Presentations

Geological Society of America (GSA) Connects 2024
Oral Presentation | Abstract | September 2024

Will present research (Title: Nature abhors an angle: Using clast morphometry to reconstruct sediment transport history on Mars) at the GSA Connects 2024 conference, in the Best Practices and Exciting Discoveries in Identifying, Mapping, and Analyzing Planetary Landforms and Terrestrial Analogues session.

Second Workshop on Terrestrial Analogs for Planetary Exploration 2024
Virtual Oral Presentation | Abstract | Presentation | Recording | August 2024

Presented research (Title: Reconstructing basaltic sediment transport on Mars using clast morphometry) at the Second Workshop on Terrestrial Analogs for Planetary Exploration 2024, hosted at the Northern Arizona University (NAU), in a 12-minute virtual oral presentation.

American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2023
Oral Presentation | Abstract | December 2023

Presented research (Title: Reconstructing basaltic sediment transport using clast morphometry) at the Granular and Fluid Physics on Earth and Other Planetary Bodies session.

54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) 2023
Poster Presentation | Abstract | Poster | March 2023

Presented research (Title: Reconstructing basaltic sediment transport on Mars using terrestrial analogs) at the Sedimentary Analogues: Sediments, Transport, and Structures session.

American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2021
E-lightning Presentation and Poster | Abstract | Poster | December 2021

Presented research (Title: A Revised Map of Glacial Lake Tight and Abandoned Drainage Networks in Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky Reveals Glacial Isostatic Tilting at ca. 1.3 Ma) at the Coupling of the Cryosphere, Solid Earth, Surface, and Climate in Shaping Late Cenozoic Topography eLightning session.

Council of Undergraduate Research REU Symposium 2021
Lightning Oral Presentation | Abstract | October 2021

Presented summer research (Title: Understanding equatorial gully erosion on Mars: a case study on Krupac Crater) at the Council of Undergraduate Research REU Symposium 2021 in a five minute lightning talk.

52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) 2021
Virtual Poster Presentation | Abstract | Poster| March 2021

Presented research (Title: Understanding equatorial gully erosion on Mars: a case study on Krupac Crater) virtually at the Modern Mars: Earth, Wind, and Ice Session

52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) 2021
Virtual Poster Presentation | Abstract | Poster| March 2021

Co-author on the virtual poster (Title: A Possible Subaqueous Hydrothermal System in Melas Chasma, Mars) at the Mars Geomorphology session.

Geological Society of America North-Central Section - 54th Annual Meeting 2020
Virtual Poster Presentation | Abstract | May 2020

Presented research (Title: A new reconstruction of Pleistocene Lake Tight showing glacial isostatic flexure at 1.3 Ma) virtually at the Glaciation/Deglaciation & All Things Aeolian Session

Field Experience

Iceland | July 1-13, 2024
Þórisjökull Alluvial Plain - Cold and Icy Martian Terrestrial Analog | July 1-6, 2024

Used standard Wolman Pebble Counts, GPR transects, Infiltrometers, and Ebee Drone Imagery to analyze the sediment flux and abrasion experienced by basalt on the alluvial plain for comparision to basaltic ‘cold and icy’ fluvial systems on Mars.

Fjallabak Nature Preserve & Höfn Alluvial Fan - Cold and Icy Martian Terrestrial Analog | July 7-13, 2024

Assisted a reasearch team from the Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum Center for Earth and Planetary Studies in their sample collection on two alluvial fans for Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) spectral analysis in order to understand chemical alteration of rock on ‘cold and icy’ alluvial fan systems.

Mojave Desert, CA | February 22-26, 2023; March 13-21, 2024
Globe Alluvial Fan - Arid Martian Terrestrial Analog | February 22-26, 2023; March 13-17, 2024

Led a field expedition to conduct standard Wolman Pebble Counts and GPS cross sectional transects to understand abrasion on this granitic alluvial fan. These data were used to compare to granitic lab experiments isolation fluvial abrasion.

Lucy Gray Alluvial Fan - Arid Martian Terrestrial Analog | March 18-21, 2024

Led a field expedition to conduct standard Wolman Pebble Counts, GPS cross sectional transects, and UAV imagery to understand abrasion on this combined basaltic and granitic alluvial fan. These data were used to compare to granitic and basaltic lab experiments isolation fluvial abrasion.

Longyearbyen, Svalbard | October 2023 - December 2023
AG-826: Arctic Quaternary Environments

Conducted two day-long field trips around Longyearbyen, Svalbard to understand indicators of past ice sheets left behind in the Quaternary geologic record, including raised beaches, morraines, and varves.

Atacama Desert, Chile | January 8-20, 2023
Linking alluvial fan morphology and sedimentology with formation processes via martian analog studies

Two-week field excursion to the Atacama Desert to assist in measuring mudflow depth, compile and analyze stratigraphic sections, take ground penetrating radar cross sections, and map alluvial fan morphology to infer depositional processes on Mars and environmental evolution post-glaciation in the Atacama Desert.

Wasatch-Uinta Field Camp | June 2021 - July 2021
Grade: A+

Six-week intensive field course that included nine different field-based projects at field sites in and around the Park City, UT area. Developed research strategies, collected field observations and measurements, compiled detailed rock descriptions, measured stratigraphic sections, and constructed regional geologic maps and bedrock cross sections.

Work Experience

Honors College and Residences | Purdue University
Resident Honors Preceptor | Aug 2019 - Dec 2021

Fostered the development of relationships among 50 undergraduate residents per year, consisting of both first- and second-year students.

Managed administrative duties including maintenance requests, incident reports, and health and safety inspections and implement educational and recreational programs to assist students in transitioning into the university.

Stantec Consulting Services Inc. | Denver, CO
Engineering Intern - Water Power and Dams | June 2019 - July 2019

Constructed a new field guide for rock & soil identification based on standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), and the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) to aid geotechnical engineers while they are in the field.

Conducted a geotechnical inspection of Upper Blue and Montgomery Dams in Colorado to ensure quality and safety of infrastructure.

Teaching Experience

Teaching Assistant and Lab Instructor: EARS 33 (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms) | Dartmouth College | March 2024 - May 2024
30 students

This course is an introduction to geomorphology – the study of the mechanisms that shape the Earth’s surface. Students learned about river, glacial, hillslope, and wind-driven processes, and the resulting landforms and landscapes they produce.

Teaching Assistant: EARS 34 (Earth’s Biogeochemical Cycles) | Dartmouth College | March 2023 - June 2023
15 students

This course is a survey of biogeochemical interactions among Earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere, including perturbations due to human activities. Particular attention is given to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur biogeochemical cycles and the role of these cycles in applied environmental challenges.

Teaching and Lab Assistant: EAPS 11200 (Earth Through Time) | Purdue University | August 2020 - December 2020
30 students

This course teaches the history of the planet Earth from its beginnings to the present. This explored how scientists interpret Earth history from the geologic record. The laboratory provided hands-on experience in interpreting various geologic and fossil records.

Teaching and Lab Assistant: EAPS 11100 (Physical Geology) | Purdue University | January 2021 - May 2021
30 students

This course teaches geologic processes and the development of land forms. Laboratory covers the study of minerals and rocks, the interpretations of topographic and geologic maps, and field investigations.

Teaching Assistant: EAPS 10600 (Geoscience in the Cinema) | Purdue University | August 2020 – May 2021
1000 students

This course is an introduction to earth and atmospheric sciences based on depictions of natural disasters in popular and documentary cinema. Lectures focused on discussion of the relevant science, separating fact from fiction, and disaster management.

Private Tutor: Calculus | Honors College, Purdue University | January 2018 – May 2020
2 students

Calculus tutor for students within the Honors College to improve their understanding of material presented in class. Expanded on provided materials by working through additional practice materials.

Leadership and Involvement

American Geophysical Union (AGU) Earth and Planetary Surface Processes (EPSP) Student Committee | May 2023 - cont.
Student Committee Member

Led the AGU EPSP Student committee’s Promotions and Networking sub-committees, served on the Mentoring sub-committee

Organized and managed the New Student Mentoring Program for 2023 and 2024, including adapting the mentee and mentor application, assigning mentor-mentee pairs, managing the kickoff meeting, and planning an in-person meeting at the Fall 2023 AGU meeting

Created the 2024 EPSP sticker design competition to combine arts and sciences with outreach to the EPSP community.

Like-A-Rock Student Committee | Dept. of Earth Science, Dartmouth College | May 2023 - cont.
Student Committee Member

Organized and managed the new student Mentoring Program for new earth science graduate students (Like-A-Rock), including planning six community building events such as an overnight camping trip to Mt. Moosilauke and a canoe barbeque at Gilman Island.

Dartmouth Graduate Student Council (GSC) | August 2022 - August 2023
Earth Sciences Department Representative

Represented the Earth Sciences department to the GSC in the form of voting on motions proposed in the meetings and bringing forward proposals from the EARS department.

Service Committee Member

Coordinated and organized the ideas and logistics for various GSC-led service events in the community, including dinner at the local food pantry and a clothing drive for those affected by the Turkey earthquakes.

Mentorship Committee Member

Worked with other members to provide a comprehensive resource list for graduate students struggling in an abusive advisor/advisee relationship and created a prototype exit interview to give to graduate students to poll their experience at Dartmouth and in their respective Labs.

Purdue University Geological Society (PUGS) | August 2018 - December 2021
President | January 2020 - May 2021

Organized and conducted meetings on a bi-monthy basis focused on professional and social development, including seminars from academic and industry professionals, a research peer editing seminar, and an educational field trip to Turkey Run State Park.

Vice President | August 2019 - December 2019

Organized and implemented outreach to incoming EAPS students in order to increase club membership and foster diversity.

Purdue University College of Science Student Ambassador | May 2019 - December 2021
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department Lead | May 2020 - May 2021

Assisted prospective students in their decision of major and university by providing them with personal experiences, campus resources, and experiential advice. Organized the EAPS Department ambassadors to assure that the ambassadors fulfilled their duties.

Purdue University Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | August 2020 - December 2021
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department Ambassador | August 2020 - December 2021

Introduced prospective students to the Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department, and provided them with insight into the academic and student life within the department.

Women’s Leadership Series (WLS) | Aug 2019 - May 2021
Mentee

The Women’s Leadership Series connected me with professional mentors and to other Boilermakers who seeked ways to grow professionally and to build their confidence. I was selected via nomination by my Resident Honors Preceptor supervisor.

Purdue University Honors College Student Committees
Leadership Resources Committee Chair | August 2020 – May 2021

Collaborated with other Resident Honors Preceptors in the Honors College to ensure that the resource room is fully stocked, organized, and clean.

Residential Society Liaison | August 2019 – May 2020

Collaborated with other residents of the Honors College to plan, organize, advertise, and host various events within the hall that help promote student involvement, health, and activity, as well as provide a connection with the residential life student staff.

Honors and Awards

Charles A. & June R.P. Ross Research Grant | Geological Society of America (GSA)| June 2024
Grant Recipient
The Charles A. & June R.P. Ross Research Fund is awarded to support research projects for graduate students in the fields of stratigraphy and stratigraphic correlation, paleogeography and paleobiogeography, interpreting past environments of deposition and their biological significance, and the integration of these research areas into better global understanding of climate changes and effects of those climate changes on the earth’s inhabitants through geologic time.

NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) | National Science Foundation | May 2024
Distinction of Honorable Mention
The purpose of the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) is to help ensure the quality, vitality, and diversity of the scientific and engineering workforce of the United States. A goal of the program is to broaden participation of the full spectrum of diverse talents in STEM.

Earth and Planetary Surface Processes Early Career Spotlight | AGU EPSP | October 2023
October Spotlight
The EPSP Early Career Spotlight is meant to highlight exciting new science coming from students and postdocs and is run by the EPSP Student Committee. This initiative is committed to promoting diversity and inclusion in the AGU EPSP community.

Ned Smith Field Camp Award | Purdue University Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | May 2021
Scholarship Recipient
This award is presented to students attending a field camp in earth sciences and who have demonstrated academic excellence in their field of study.

Universities Space Research Association Distinguished Undergraduate | November 2020; October 2021
Distinction of Honorable Mention
I was among the final 15 candidates who were considered for one of the USRA Distinguished Undergraduate Awards. The USRA Distinguished Undergraduate Awards provide college scholarship awards to students who have shown a career interest in science or engineering with an emphasis on space research or space science education, and aeronautics-related sciences.

Purdue University Homecoming Pillars of Excellency Scholarship | October 2020
Teaching and Scholarship Award Winner
The Pillars of Excellency scholarship is a way for selected students to be recognized on campus for their achievements. One juniors or senior is chosen who is particularly accomplished in teaching and scholarship as is displayed in their extracurricular and scholarly involvement during their time at Purdue.

Chevron Scholarship | Purdue University Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | April 2020
Scholarship Recipient
This award, sponsored by Chevron, is provided to recognize academic merit in undergraduate and graduate students who wish to pursue a career in an energy-related field.

Earth and Atmospheric Sciences’ Class of 1970 Scholarship | Purdue University Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | April 2019; April 2020
Scholarship Recipient
A merit-based scholarship to support an exceptional student in the department pursuing a major in earth science.

Women in Science Program (WISP) Jandos Scholarship | Purdue University | April 2020
Scholarship Recipient
The Jandos scholarship program is awarded College of Science students who wish to participate with other students in furthering their understanding of the benefits of living, learning and growing in a diverse university environment.

Women’s Leadership Series (WLS) | Purdue University | January 2020
Student Scholarship Recipient
An annual award for WLS 2019-2020, given to a student who actively participated in all WLS 2019-2020 events and showcases exceptional leadership in their community.

Scholarly Project Grant | Honors College, Purdue University | November 2019
Grant Recipient
Received an award to support work that built toward completion of my scholarly project, a requirement for graduation from the Honors College.

Paul P. and Linda L. Krishna Scholarship in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences | Purdue University Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | April 2019
Scholarship Recipient
A merit-based scholarship to support a top scholar in the department pursuing a major in earth science.

Solutions Lab | Honors College, Purdue University | March 2019 – April 2019
First Prize
Worked with an interdisciplinary student / faculty team to grapple with the issue of automation and artificial intelligence in order to propose innovative solutions. Our team used extensive research over several weeks, and 48 hours prior to the final presentation, incorporated a specific challenge application to be addressed as part of the proposed solution in a final team presentation.

Presidential Scholarship | Purdue University | August 2018 - December 2021
Scholarship Recipient
A renewable merit-based scholarship rewarding incoming freshman students who display high academic achievement; leadership and service in school/community during high school.

Disney Scholars Program | August 2018 - December 2021
Scholarship Recipient
A renewable merit-based scholarship rewarding graduating high school seniors who are children of a Disney employee of The Walt Disney Company or its affiliated companies, and who display high academic achievement and leadership in high school.

Outreach

Geoscience Education & Mentorship Support (GEMS) | August 2022 - cont.
Mentor

Mentored two undergraduate students by assisting them with finding a research lab at their universities, applying to summer research internships, and working through the graduate school application process.

Mentoring Institute for Sediment Transport Researchers (MIST) | September 2023 - September 2024
Mentee

MIST is an NSF-funded mentoring network that connects early career professionals (mentees) who worked on problems related to sediment transport with accomplished mid-career and senior professionals (mentors).

Science Day at Dartmouth, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies | April 2023; April 2024
Earth Sciences Department Lead

Developed a curriculum for and instructed over 500 K-12 students about meteorites and sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock formation and identification during the Guarini Graduate School-sponsored ‘Science Day’.

Montshire Museum of Science | March 2024 - cont.
Guest Scientist

Developed a curriculum for and instructed children and parents who visited the museum about meteorite identification and formation.

Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department, Purdue University | August 2018, August 2019
Passport Day Volunteer

Taught K-12 students at an annual outreach event called Passport Day, where graduate and undergraduate students from EAPS engage with the local community through hands-on activities related to Earth sciences, space, weather and climate.

Women in Science Program (WISP), Purdue University | August 2018 – May 2021
Mentor | August 2019 – May 2021

Worked with other women in science to form a community group that supported each other in both academic and non-academic activities and was assigned a fellow woman in science to mentor and help through the challenges that come with transitioning to college and into a male-dominated major. Coordinated initiatives focused on diversity, such as DEI seminars with guest speakers from the WISP community.

Graphic Design for Science Communication

A personal passion project to make designs focused around projects within my group as well as for other organizations I am involved in. I am open to inquiries about creating designs for field expeditions, lab groups, and more!

‘Mission Patch’ for Atacama Desert Field work conducted in January 2023

‘Mission Patch’ for Iceland Field work conducted in July 2024

Design made for a Master’s thesis done by Matt Maclay, which centered on investigating the conditions that led to the fall of the ‘Old Man on the Mountain’ and outreach to the New Hampshire community

Design for AGU’s Earth and Planetary Surface Processes Section that was distributed at the AGU Annual Meeting 2023 in order to boost community involvement, especially focused on Earth Career members.

Cultural Experience

Graduate Student Educational Field Trip, Dept. of Earth Sciences (EARS), Dartmouth College | June 2023
Cyprus

Traveled to Cyprus with EARS graduate students to study the rich geologic and anthropologic history of the country, including but not limited to the Troodos Ophiolite Sequence, the Messinian Salinity Crisis, and the Tomb of the Kings Paphos Archeological Site.

Spring Break Study Abroad: Transylvania- Dracula and Beyond, Purdue University, Honors College | March 2019
Romania

Traveled to Romania over Spring Break with the Honors College to study the myths, culture, and impact of the legend of Dracula. We explored many different parts of the country and investigated the cultural sources of Dracula, while learning about the history of the basis of Dracula (Vlad the Impaler), and the legends surrounding his family, ruling periods, and demise. We read the novel “Dracula” by Bram Stoker to be able to compare historical references with pop culture literature.

International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)
Accompanying Person
Kyoto, Japan (2012); Bali, Indonesia (2013); Prague, Czech Republic (2017); Vienna, Austria (2018); Marseille, France (2022)

Learned from a young age about cultural differences to be conscious and respectful of when visiting varying parts of the world and made international friendships. This helped me be more concious of empowering diversity within STEM and to be mindful of taking oppportunites to learn from people who have had different life experiences form me.

Discussed science and engineering concepts associated with applications to hydropower with members from over 100 different countries.